He holds a Doctor of Law degree from the University of Madrid and the University of Bologna. His research has contributed to the fields of political science, the rule of law, and constitutional theory.

She was born in Lima in 1915. A renowned historian, her research has made a significant contribution to our understanding of the regional and institutional aspects of pre-Hispanic Peru. She was awarded the Order of the Sun, in the rank of Grand Commander, in 2001.

He was born in Gorizia, Italy, in 1934. A renowned nuclear physicist, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984. He has taught at Columbia University, Harvard University, and La Sapienza University in Rome. He served as director of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).

He was born in Mihaileni, Romania, in 1921, and died in Tübingen, Germany, in 2002. He is considered one of the most important linguists of the second half of the 20th century. He is the author of seminal works in the field of the philosophy of language.

He was born in the Netherlands in 1927. A distinguished anthropologist, he specializes in Inca and Andean studies. He began his research on Peruvian culture at the University of Madrid. He has been awarded the François I Medal for his research in Andean studies.

He was born in Lima in 1920. A graduate of the Faculties of Arts and Law at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. A distinguished diplomat. Secretary-General of the United Nations (1981–1991). He received the Prince of Asturias Award.

He was born in Lima in 1907 and died in the same city in 1999. He was a journalist, researcher, writer, and university professor. He served as rector of the National University of San Marcos. He authored a vast body of work on Peruvian history and culture.

He was born in Arequipa in 1913 and died in Lima in 1996. He was ordained a priest in 1939. He served as Archbishop of Lima from 1954 to 1989 and was a cardinal from 1962 onward. He guided the life of the Church in Peru, becoming a guiding light for the spiritual conscience of our society.

A distinguished engineer with an extensive academic and professional career, he has promoted science, technology, and culture. He served as president of the National Council for Science and Technology (CONCYTEC).

He was born in 1927 in Marktl, Germany. He earned a doctorate in theology from the University of Munich. Ordained a priest in 1951, he was elected Archbishop of Munich and Freising in 1977. He was named a cardinal in 1977. He was elected Pope in April 2005 as Benedict XVI.